Nk'isoko ry'ingufu zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, umwuka ufunze ugizwe na 10% ~ 35% by'ingufu zose zikoreshwa mu nganda. 96% by'ingufu zikoreshwa mu mwuka ufunze ni ingufu zikoreshwa mu mwuka ufunze, kandi ingufu zikoreshwa mu mwaka mu Bushinwa zigizwe na 6% by'ingufu zose zikoreshwa mu gihugu. Amafaranga akoreshwa mu mwuka ufunze ukurikije ikiguzi cyo kugura, amafaranga yo kubungabunga n'ingufu zikoreshwa, hakurikijwe inyigisho y'isuzuma ry'ubuzima bwose, amafaranga akoreshwa mu kugura agizwe na 10% gusa, mu gihe ikiguzi cy'ingufu kiri hejuru ya 77%. Bigaragaza ko Ubushinwa bugomba kunoza cyane uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu mu mwuka ufunze ukoresheje mu gihe bukora ivugurura ry'inganda n'ubukungu.
Bitewe no gusobanukirwa neza ibijyanye no kuzigama umwuka ufunze n’ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu bigo, ni ngombwa guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rikwiye mu buryo busanzwe bwo guhindura uburyo bwo kuzigama ingufu, kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwiza mu kuzigama ingufu. Mu myaka ibiri ishize, ubushakashatsi ku nganda z’Ubushinwa bwagaragaje ko icyifuzo cyo kuvugurura uburyo bwo kuzigama ingufu gituruka ahanini ku ngingo eshatu zikurikira:
Ingufu za kompreseri zikoreshwa mu kirere zari nyinshi cyane mu gukoresha ingufu z’ibigo; kudahindagurika kw’ingufu zitangwa mu kirere, ihindagurika ry’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi n’izindi ngaruka ku mikorere isanzwe y’ibikoresho; hamwe no kwaguka k’umusaruro, ikigo cy’ikirere cya mbere cyashyizwemo umwuka ukaze kugira ngo gihindure neza impinduka kugira ngo kijyane n’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe. Bitewe n’imiterere y’ikigo cy’ikirere cyashyizwemo umwuka ukaze n’ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu kuzigama ingufu biratandukanye, kugira ngo hakorwe neza igipimo cy’impinduka, impinduka zikoreshwa mu kuzigama ingufu ntizishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo butari bwo. Ni ngombwa cyane cyane guhitamo ingamba zikwiye zo kuzigama ingufu hashingiwe ku isesengura ryimbitse, isuzuma n’isuzuma ry’uburyo bwose. Abanditsi basesenguye kandi basesengura imiterere n’uburyo bumwe na bumwe bw’ikoranabuhanga risanzweho n’irigezweho ryo kuzigama ingufu binyuze mu gusesengura ikoreshwa ry’umwuka ukaze mu nganda nyinshi.
Ingamba zo Kuzigama Ingufu muri Sisitemu
Hashingiwe ku nyigisho y’isuzuma ry’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu buryo bw’umwuka n’isesengura ry’igabanuka ry’ingufu, uhereye ku ngingo zitandukanye z’imiterere y’uburyo, ingamba rusange zo kuzigama ingufu zifatwa ku buryo bukurikira:
Gukora umwuka ufunze. Gutunganya no kubungabunga ubwoko butandukanye bwa compressors, kunoza uburyo bwo gukora, gucunga buri munsi ibikoresho byo gusukura umwuka. Gutwara umwuka ufunze. Gutunganya imiyoboro y'imiyoboro, gutandukanya imiyoboro itwara umwuka mwinshi n'umuvuduko muto; kugenzura mu buryo nyabwo ikoreshwa ry'umwuka, kugenzura buri munsi no kugabanya amazi asohoka, kunoza igihombo cy'umuvuduko ku ngingo. Gukoresha umwuka ufunze. Kunoza uburyo bwo kuyobora silinda, gukoresha ibikoresho bizigama ingufu byakorewe uru rwego, nk'udupira twihariye two kuzigama umwuka two gutwika silinda mu nganda za aluminium, ndetse n'imbunda n'imizingo byo kuzigama ingufu. Gusubiza ubushyuhe bwa compressors mu gihe cyo kuzigama umwuka. Ubushyuhe buturuka mu gihe cyo kuzimya umwuka busubizwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe, nibindi, kandi bugakoreshwa mu gushyushya no gushyushya ibikorwa, nibindi.
Gukora umwuka ufunze
1 Kompresa imwe y'umwuka izigama ingufu
Kugeza ubu, compressors z'umwuka zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: reciprocating, centrifugal na screw. Ubwoko bwa reciprocating buracyakoreshwa cyane mu bigo bimwe na bimwe bya kera; ubwoko bwa centrifugal bukoreshwa cyane mu bigo by'imyenda bifite imikorere ihamye kandi ikora neza, ariko bukunze kwiyongera iyo umuvuduko wa sisitemu uhindutse mu buryo butunguranye. Ingamba z'ingenzi zo kuzigama ingufu zikoreshwa ni izi: kugenzura isuku y'umwuka winjizwa mu mahanga, cyane cyane ibigo by'imyenda gukora akazi keza ko kuyungurura cyane, kugira ngo hasukurwe imigozi myinshi migufi mu kirere. Gabanya ubushyuhe bw'aho compressor y'umwuka yinjira kugira ngo wongere imikorere. Gusiga amavuta ku muvuduko wa rotor ya centrifuge bigira ingaruka zikomeye, guhitamo amavuta akoresha amavuta arimo imiti irwanya ifuro n'ibidakomeza oxidation. Witondere ubwiza bw'amazi akonje, amazi akonjesha atembera neza, amazi ateganyijwe kongera kuzura. Aho compressor y'umwuka, icyuma cyumisha, ikigega cyo kubikamo n'umuyoboro w'imiyoboro bigomba gusohoka buri gihe. Kugira ngo wirinde guhumeka guterwa n'impinduka zihuse mu bushyuhe bw'umwuka, n'ibindi, witondere guhindura umurongo ngenderwaho n'igihe cy'integral cyashyizweho n'igikoresho, kandi ugerageze kwirinda kugabanya mu buryo butunguranye ikoreshwa ry'umwuka. Hitamo centrifuges z'ibice bitatu zifite ingaruka nziza zo kuzigama ingufu, kandi ugerageze gukoresha moteri zifite umuvuduko mwinshi kugira ngo ugabanye igihombo cy'umurongo no kugumisha ubushyuhe bw'aho ikigo cy'umwuka gitembera.
Compressor y'umwuka ikoreshwa cyane, incamake y'igereranya ry'uburyo bwo kugenzura compressor y'umwuka ikoreshwa na screw: gusesengura ibibazo byo gushyiramo / gupakurura compressor y'umwuka ubu n'ibibazo byo kugenzura umuvuduko uhoraho, bishobora gufatwa nk'ibi: kwishingikiriza ku buryo bwa mekanike bwo kugenzura valve y'imyobo, umuyoboro w'umwuka ntushobora guhindurwa vuba kandi buri gihe. Iyo ingano ya gazi ihora ihinduka, umuvuduko w'umuyoboro urahinduka cyane. Igenzura ry'umuvuduko usanzwe rikoreshwa kugira ngo rihuze n'ihindagurika ry'ikoreshwa ry'umwuka mu ruganda hongewemo igikoresho gihindura umuvuduko kugira ngo gihindure umuvuduko w'umwuka ukoreshwa na compressor y'umwuka. Imbogamizi ni uko sisitemu ikwiriye iyo ihindagurika ry'ikoreshwa ry'umwuka mu ruganda ritari rinini (ihindagurika ni 40% ~ 70% by'ingano y'umwuka ukoreshwa n'imashini imwe kandi ingaruka zo kuzigama ingufu ni zo zikomeye cyane).
Sisitemu 2 y'abahanga mu kugenzura itsinda rya Air compressor
Sisitemu yo kugenzura abahanga mu itsinda rya compressor rikoresha umwuka yabaye ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo kugenzura itsinda rya compressor rikoresha umwuka no kuzigama ingufu. Sisitemu yo kugenzura hakurikijwe impinduka mu gipimo cy'umuvuduko, Admiral igenzura rya compressor zitandukanye zikoresha umwuka zitangira kandi zigahagarara, zipakira kandi zipakurura, nibindi, kugira ngo sisitemu ikomeze kuba umubare n'ubushobozi bikwiye bya compressor mu gukora.
Sisitemu yo kugenzura urugo binyuze mu kugenzura imashini ihindura ubwinshi bw'umwuka kugira ngo ihindure umuvuduko wa kompreseri imwe y'umwuka mu ruganda ikoresha umwuka muke kugira ngo igenzure igihe cy'ikorwa rya gaze, ihuze n'ihindagurika rito ry'umuvuduko w'umwuka mu ruganda hamwe n'ingano ya gaze. Muri rusange, hitamo impinduka z'ubwinshi bw'umwuka uhindura ubwinshi bw'umwuka, ugomba kuba sisitemu y'umwuga kugira ngo ukore isuzuma ryuzuye no kubara kugira ngo ufate umwanzuro. Binyuze mu isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru no kugereranya, biraboneka: uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ingufu mu mwuka ukabije bufite umwanya munini wo kunoza. Guhindura ubwinshi bw'umwuka uhinduka hakoreshejwe kompreseri bishobora gusa kugira ingaruka zo kuzigama ingufu iyo bihujwe n'imikorere ya sisitemu y'umwuka ukabije y'ikigo, igomba kugeragezwa neza no gusuzumwa n'abahanga mbere yo kuyikoresha. Sisitemu y'impuguke mu kugenzura itsinda ry'abahanga mu by'umwuka ikwiriye cyane cyane kompreseri nyinshi z'umwuka zikora icyarimwe, gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere y'intambwe, bishobora guhaza ibyo ibigo bikeneye.
Uburyo butatu bwo kunoza uburyo bwo kumisha umwuka ufunze
Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu kumisha no gutunganya umwuka ufunze ku bigo ni ubwoko bukonjeshwa, ubwoko butagira ubushyuhe n'ubwoko buvanze bwo kuvugurura ubushyuhe buciriritse, igereranya ry'imikorere rigaragara mu mbonerahamwe iri hepfo.
Guhindura umurongo w’ubwirinzi mu buryo bwo kuzigama ingufu kugira ngo hakurikize amahame akurikira: Niba uburyo bw’umwuka bwa mbere bufite ubuziranenge bukabije, hindura ukoreshe uburyo bwo kuvura budahuye neza. Kunoza uburyo bwo kumisha, gabanya igihombo cy’umuvuduko w’aho kumisha (igihombo cy’umuvuduko ku cyuma cyumisha cy’uburyo bumwe na bumwe kugeza kuri 0.05 ~ 0.1MPa), gabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu.
Gutwara umwuka ufunze
Sisitemu 1 y'imiyoboro ya yajiang ntigomba kurenza 1.5% by'umuvuduko w'akazi. Muri iki gihe, sitasiyo nyinshi z'umuvuduko w'umwuka nta miyoboro y'ibanze n'iya kabiri zifite, inkokora nyinshi zidakenewe n'impinduka, umuvuduko uhoraho, ndetse n'igihombo gikomeye. Amwe mu miyoboro ya pneumatic itwikiriwe mu mwobo kandi ntashobora gukurikiranwa kugira ngo hatagira ikiva. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko igihombo cy'umuvuduko w'umuyoboro cyaba gikenewe uko byagenda kose, abakozi bashinzwe ibikorwa bongera umuvuduko w'imikorere ya sisitemu yose ho 0.1 ~ 0.2MPa, bigatera igihombo cy'umuvuduko w'ubukorano. Kuri buri kwiyongera kwa 0.1MPa k'umuvuduko w'umwuka wa compressor, ikoreshwa ry'imbaraga za compressor y'umwuka riziyongeraho 7% ~ 10%. Muri icyo gihe, ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'umuyoboro byongera igihombo cy'umwuka. Ingamba zo kuvugurura zigabanya ingufu: guhindura umuyoboro w'amashami mo gahunda y'uruziga, gushyira mu bikorwa itandukanya ry'umwuka mwinshi n'umuvuduko muto, no gushyiraho icyuma gipima umuvuduko mwinshi n'umuvuduko muto; hindura umuyoboro ufite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ingufu nyinshi mu gihe cyo kuvugurura imizigo, gabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ingufu, kandi usukure urukuta rw’imbere rw’umuyoboro woza aside, ukureho ingese, nibindi, kugira ngo urebe neza ko urukuta rw’umuyoboro rugenda neza.
2 Gutemba kw'amazi, kumenya aho amazi asohoka no kuyafunga
Igice kinini cy'amazi ava mu ruganda ni kinini, ingano y'amazi ava mu ruganda igera kuri 20% ~ 35%, ahanini biba mu mavali, mu ngingo, mu mpande eshatu, mu mpande za solenoid, mu miyoboro y'imigozi no mu gifuniko cy'imbere cya silinda ya buri gikoresho gikoresha gazi; bimwe mu bikoresho bikora munsi y'umuvuduko ukabije, bisohora mu buryo bwikora, kandi bigasohoka kenshi. Kwangirika guterwa n'amazi kuva mu ruganda hafi ya byose birenze uko abantu benshi babitekereza. Nk'ahantu ho gusudira imodoka mu muyoboro wa gazi haterwa n'umwobo muto wa mm 1 w'umurambararo, gutakaza amashanyarazi kugeza kuri 355kWh buri mwaka, hafi ya yose nk'amashanyarazi y'umuryango w'abantu babiri batatu akoreshwa buri mwaka mu ngo. Ingamba zo kuzigama ingufu: Shyiraho sisitemu yo gupima amazi ku muyoboro w'amazi utanga gazi mu iduka rikuru rikora kugira ngo umenye aho amashanyarazi akoreshwa. Hindura ikoreshwa rya gazi mu buryo bwikora, gabanya umubare w'amavali n'ingingo, kandi ugabanye aho amazi ava. Kongera imbaraga mu gucunga no gukoresha ibikoresho by'umwuga mu igenzura rihoraho. Muri make, ibigo bishobora gukoresha ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe by’inzobere mu gupima nka parallel access intelligent gas leakage detector, leakage point scanning gun, nibindi, kugira ngo bifate ingamba zo gukumira ko sisitemu y’umwuka ifunze idakora, ishobora kwangiza, gutonyanga no kuva, bityo bigakora imirimo yo gusana no gusimbuza ibice.
Gukoresha umwuka ufunze
Imbunda zikoreshwa mu kirere zikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya imbunda, gukora imashini n'ahandi hantu hakorerwa imyitozo, kandi ikoreshwa ry'umwuka wazo rigera kuri 50% by'umwuka wose utangwa mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw'inganda. Mu ikoreshwa ryazo, hari ibintu nk'imiyoboro miremire cyane itangwa n'umwuka, umuvuduko mwinshi cyane utangwa n'umuyoboro w'umuringa ugororotse nk'umunwa w'amazi ndetse no kongera umuvuduko w'umwuka ukoreshwa n'abakozi bo ku rugamba, bigatera ubusa bwinshi bw'umwuka.
Ibintu bidasobanutse byo gukoresha gazi mu bikoresho by’umwuka nabyo biragaragara cyane, nko kumenya niba igikoresho gifatirwa mu mwanya w’aho gazi ikoreshwa, gutanga gazi ikoreshwa mu byuma bitanga umwuka, nibindi. Gutanga gazi mu buryo butunguranye iyo bidakora. Ibi bibazo bibaho cyane cyane mu bigega bya shimi n’indi gazi ikoreshwa mu kuvanga, no mu gukora amapine, nko mu buryo busanzwe bwo guhindagurika kw’ingufu. Ingamba zo kuvugurura ingufu: Gukoresha ibikoresho bishya byo mu bwoko bwa pneumatic nozzle bizigama ingufu n’imbunda zo mu bwoko bwa pulse-type. Gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo mu mwuka mu nganda runaka, nko mu nganda za aluminium kugira ngo hatezwe imbere ikoreshwa rya valve yihariye yo kuzigama umwuka.
Gusubiza ubushyuhe bw'imyanda ya compressor y'umwuka
Dukurikije isuzuma ry’ubuzima bwose, 80% ~ 90% by’ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa na compressors zo mu kirere zihinduka ubushyuhe zikameneka. Uburyo ubushyuhe bw’amashanyarazi bukoreshwa muri compressors zo mu kirere bukwirakwira mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi bugaragazwa ku ishusho iri hepfo, hatabariwemo ubushyuhe buturuka ku bidukikije kandi bubitswe mu mwuka ufunze, 94% bisigaye by’ingufu bishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kugarura ubushyuhe bw’imyanda.
Gusubiza ubushyuhe bw'imyanda hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushyushya ubushyuhe n'ubundi buryo bukwiye bwo gushyushya umwuka bukoreshwa mu gushyushya umwuka cyangwa amazi, nk'ubushyuhe bw'inyongera, gushyushya imikorere no gushyushya amazi mbere yo gushyushya. Hamwe n'impinduka zifatika, ingufu z'ubushyuhe 50% kugeza 90% zishobora kugaruzwa no gukoreshwa. Gushyiramo ibikoresho byo gusubiza ubushyuhe bishobora kugenzura neza ubushyuhe bw'imikorere ya compressor y'umwuka ku bushyuhe bwiza bwo gukora, kugira ngo imikorere y'amavuta yo kwisiga irusheho kuba myiza, kandi ingano y'imyuka ya compressor y'umwuka yiyongereho 2% ~ 6%. Kuri compressor y'umwuka ikonjeshwa n'umwuka, ushobora guhagarika umufana ukonjesha wa compressor y'umwuka ubwayo hanyuma ugakoresha pompe y'amazi izenguruka kugira ngo ugarure ubushyuhe; compressor y'umwuka ikonjeshwa n'amazi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyushya amazi akonje cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, kandi igipimo cyo kugarura ubushyuhe ni 50% ~ 60%. Gusubiza ubushyuhe bw'imyanda ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bishyushya amashanyarazi nta ngufu zikoreshwa; ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bya gaze zikomoka kuri lisansi nta gasongero k'imyuka, ni uburyo bwiza kandi butangiza ibidukikije bwo kuzigama ingufu. Hashingiwe ku nyigisho yo gusesengura ibura ry'ingufu mu buryo bw'umwuka ufunze, ibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gukoresha gaze n'ibipimo byo kuzigama ingufu by'ikigo birasesengurwa kandi bigashyirwa mu majwi. Mu mpinduka mu kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu bigo, ni bwo bwa mbere ku buryo butandukanye bwo gukora isuzuma n'isuzuma ryimbitse, hashingiwe ku ikoreshwa ry'ingamba zikwiye zo kunoza imikorere y'uburyo bwose bwo kugabanya ingufu, bishobora kunoza imikorere y'uburyo bwose bwo kugabanya ingufu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-02-2024