Amateka magufi y'iterambere ry'imodoka

Mu 1880, umuhanga w’umunyamerika Edison yakoze moteri nini ya DC yitwa "The Colossus", yamuritswe mu imurikagurisha ryabereye i Paris mu 1881.

Edison se wa Direct Current
Muri icyo gihe, iterambere rya moteri y'amashanyarazi naryo ririmo gukorwa. Moteri ikoreshwa mu gutanga moteri na moteri ni imirimo ibiri itandukanye y'imashini imwe. Kuyikoresha nk'igikoresho gitanga umuriro ni moteri, naho kuyikoresha nk'igikoresho gitanga umuriro ni moteri.

Iri hame rishobora gusubira inyuma ry’imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi ryagaragaye ku bw’amahirwe mu 1873. Mu imurikagurisha ry’inganda ryabereye i Vienne muri uyu mwaka, umukozi yakoze ikosa maze ahuza insinga na moteri ya Gram ikora. Byagaragaye ko rotor ya moteri yahinduye icyerekezo maze ihita ijya mu cyerekezo gitandukanye. Icyerekezo kirahindukira kiba moteri. Kuva icyo gihe, abantu babonye ko moteri ya DC ishobora gukoreshwa nk’imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi ndetse n’ikintu gishobora gusubira inyuma cya moteri. Uku kuvumbura gutunguranye kwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gishushanyo n’ikorwa rya moteri.

Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutanga ingufu n’amashanyarazi, imiterere n’ikorwa rya moteri nabyo birimo kugenda birushaho kuba byiza. Mu myaka ya 1890, moteri za DC zari zifite imiterere y’ingenzi ya moteri za DC zigezweho. Nubwo moteri ya DC yakoreshejwe cyane kandi ikaba yaratanze inyungu nyinshi mu bukungu, inenge zayo ubwazo zibangamira iterambere ryayo. Ni ukuvuga ko idashobora gukemura ihererekanya ry’amashanyarazi mu ntera ndende, cyangwa ngo ishobore gukemura ikibazo cyo guhindura amashanyarazi, bityo moteri za AC zateye imbere vuba.

Muri icyo gihe, moteri z’ibice bibiri na moteri z’ibice bitatu zasohotse imwe ikurikira indi. Mu 1885, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Umutaliyani Galileo Ferraris yatanze ihame ryo kuzenguruka ingufu za rukuruzi anakora moteri y’ibice bibiri idafite insinga. Mu 1886, Nikola Tesla, wimukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, na we ubwe yakoranye moteri y’ibice bibiri idafite insinga. Mu 1888, injeniyeri w’amashanyarazi w’Umurusiya Dolivo Dobrovolsky yakoze moteri y’ibice bitatu ya AC single squirrel cage idafite insinga. Ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya moteri za AC, cyane cyane iterambere ryiza rya moteri z’ibice bitatu za AC, byashyizeho uburyo bwo kohereza ingufu kure, kandi icyarimwe byazamuye ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi kugeza ku ntera nshya.

Tesla, se w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi usimburana
Ahagana mu 1880, Ferranti y'Abongereza yanoze alternator inatanga igitekerezo cyo kohereza umuriro wa AC ukoresheje ingufu nyinshi. Mu 1882, Gordon mu Bwongereza yakoze alternator nini ifite ibyiciro bibiri. Mu 1882, Umufaransa Gorand n'Umwongereza John Gibbs babonye patenti ya "Uburyo bwo Gukwirakwiza Umucyo n'Ingufu", maze bakora neza transformateur ya mbere ifite agaciro gafatika. Nyuma, Westinghouse yanoje ubwubatswe bwa transformateur ya Gibbs, ayigira transformateur ifite imikorere igezweho. Mu 1891, Blow yakoze transformateur ifite ingufu nyinshi mu Busuwisi, nyuma aza gukora transformateur nini ifite ingufu nyinshi. Transformateur y'amashanyarazi ya AC ikora intera ndende yagize iterambere rikomeye kubera iterambere rihoraho rya transformateur.

Nyuma y'imyaka irenga 100 y'iterambere, inyigisho ya moteri ubwayo yarakuze cyane. Ariko, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi, siyansi ya mudasobwa n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura, iterambere rya moteri ryinjiye mu ntera nshya. Muri zo, iterambere rya moteri igenzura umuvuduko wa AC ni ryo rikurura amaso cyane, ariko ntiryamamaye kandi ntirikoreshwa igihe kirekire kuko rikorwa n'ibice by'uruziga n'ibikoresho bihindura ikirere, kandi imikorere yo kugenzura ntabwo ari myiza nk'iyo kugenzura umuvuduko wa DC.

Nyuma y’imyaka ya 1970, nyuma y’uko hashyizweho uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, ibibazo byo kugabanya ibikoresho, kugabanya ingano, kugabanya ikiguzi, kunoza imikorere, no gukuraho urusaku byakemutse buhoro buhoro, kandi kugenzura umuvuduko wa AC byageze ku ntambwe ishimishije. Nyuma yo kuvumbura uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyuma, imikorere idahinduka kandi ihindagurika ya sisitemu yo kugenzura umuvuduko wa AC yaranogejwe. Nyuma yo gukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyuma bito, uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyuma bito bukoreshwa na porogaramu zikoresha porogaramu zigena uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyuma, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi kandi bikanoza ubwizerwe, kandi birashoboka kandi ko habaho ikoranabuhanga rigoye cyane ryo kugenzura. Iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu n’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha mudasobwa bito ni ryo rituma sisitemu yo kugenzura umuvuduko wa AC ikomeza kuvugurura.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho bya rare earth ndetse n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi, moteri za rukuruzi zihoraho zateye imbere cyane. Moteri na moteri zikoresha ibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho bya NdFeB zakoreshejwe cyane, kuva ku gutwara ubwato kugeza ku byuma bitanga amaraso y’umutima. Moteri zikora cyane zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi no gutwara gari ya moshi n’amato yihuta cyane.

Bitewe n’iterambere rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, kunoza imikorere y’ibikoresho fatizo no kunoza uburyo bwo kubitunganya, moteri zirimo gukorwa zifite ubwoko n’ibipimo by’ingano zitandukanye (kuva kuri miliyoni nke za wati kugeza kuri 1000MW), hamwe n’umuvuduko munini cyane. Ingano (kuva ku minsi myinshi kugeza ku bihumbi amagana by’impinduka ku munota), ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibidukikije (nk’ubutaka bushashe, ikibaya, umwuka, munsi y’amazi, peteroli, agace gakonje, agace gashyuha, agace gashyuha gatose, agace gashyuha gahumutse, imbere mu gihugu, hanze, Imodoka, amato, ibyuma bitandukanye, nibindi), kugira ngo bihuze n’ibikenewe mu nzego zitandukanye z’ubukungu bw’igihugu n’ubuzima bw’abantu.